%PDF-1.6 % 1 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState 171 0 R/XObject 172 0 R>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 10/Type/Page/Tabs/S>> endobj 2 0 obj <>stream /CS0 cs 1 scn 36 766.552 576 -694.552 re f /P <>BDC q 36 72 576 695 re W n BT 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 0.016 Tw 10.5517 0 0 10.5517 60.8276 757.2414 Tm [(Consequently,)-20( the)-22( ease)-8( with)-46( which)-32( the)-22( protection)-21( system)-9( could)-22( be)-6( circumvented)-54( did)-19( not)-22( amount)-18( to)-48( a)]TJ ET EMC Q BT /P <>BDC 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 0.016 Tw 10.5517 0 0 10.5517 60.8276 744.2069 Tm [(loss)-45( of)-48( use.)-51( The)-42( Court)-26( also)-48( did)-19( not)-22( agree)-31( that)-38( Mazda)-58( had)-38( engaged)-49( in)-45( a)-32( prohibited)-21( business)-54( practice)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(in)-45( failing)-35( to)-48( disclose)-35( an)-6( important)-8( fact)-35( concerning)-50( a)-32( security)-26( feature.)-21( In)-48( any)-35( event,)-41( the)-22( criminal)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(intervention)-7( of)-48( a)-32( third)-55( party)-12( broke)-28( the)-22( chain)-22( of)-48( causality)-51( between)-44( the)-22( alleged)-11( defect)-41( and)-38( the)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(damages)-5( sustained.)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -2.176 TD [(As)-9( for)-9( the)-22( claims)-49( of)-48( the)-22( members)-9( whose)-51( vehicles)-35( were)-9( not)-22( broken)-2( into)-35( \(Group)-6( 2\),)-9( the)-22( Court)-26( was)-46( of)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(the)-22( view)-59( that)-38( they)-51( had)-38( not)-22( suffered)-34( any)-35( manifestation)-53( of)-48( the)-22( defect.)-57( The)-42( fact)-35( that)-38( they)-51( had)-38( to)-48( bring)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(their)-55( cars)-52( to)-48( their)-55( dealerships)-5( for)-9( installation)-41( of)-48( a)-32( reinforcement)-5( mechanism)-6( in)-45( the)-22( locking)-6( system)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC T* [(was)-45( one)-38( of)-48( life\222s)-59( little)-46( annoyances)-20( and)-38( did)-19( not)-22( therefore)-57( warrant)-19( an)-6( award)-42( of)-48( damages.)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -2.176 TD [(As)-9( there)-15( was)-45( no)-6( evidence)-57( that)-38( Mazda)-58( had)-38( been)-11( reckless)-39( regarding)-11( its legal)-6( obligations,)-60( the)-22( Court)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(also)-48( dismissed)-25( the)-22( claim)-20( for)-9( punitive)-25( damages.)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC /CS1 cs 0.475 0.71 0.173 scn /TT1 1 Tf 0 -2.176 TD [(THE COURT)-33( OF)-23( APPEAL)-3( JUDGMENT)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC /TT0 1 Tf 0 Tw T* (THE )Tj EMC /P <>BDC /TT2 1 Tf 0.016 Tw 2.294 0 Td [(CONSUMER)-49( PROTECTION)-32( ACT)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC /TT0 1 Tf [( \(CPA\))-43( AND)-7( THE CONCEPT)-52( OF)-23( LATENT)-48( DEFECT)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC /CS0 cs 0 scn 0 Tw ( )Tj EMC /P <>BDC 0.016 Tw -2.294 -1.235 Td [(The)-42( CPA)-3( stipulates)-11( that)-38( goods)-41( must)-9( be)-6( fit)-45( for)-9( the)-22( purpose)-34( for)-9( which)-32( they)-51( were)-9( normally)-45( intended)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(\(section)-28( 37)-6( CPA\))-23( for)-9( a)-32( reasonable)-53( length)-41( of)-48( time,)-9( which)-32( will)-24( vary)-52( according)-18( to)-48( the)-22( price)-9( paid,)-8( the)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(terms)-29( of)-48( the)-22( contract)-31( and)-38( the)-22( conditions)-27( of)-48( their)-55( use)-35( \(section)-28( 38)-6( CPA\).)-39( If)-32( the)-22( goods)-41( cannot)-57( be)-6( used)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(for)-9( the)-22( consumer\222s)-6( reasonably)-50( expected)-1( purpose,)-50( there)-15( is)-43( a)-32( presumption)-27( that)-38( the)-22( defect)-41( existed)-8( prior)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(to)-48( the)-22( sale.)-6( Furthermore,)-44( neither)-2( the)-22( merchant)-8( nor)-26( the)-22( manufacturer)-50( can)-35( argue)-31( that)-38( they)-51( were)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(unaware)-47( of)-48( the)-22( defect)-41( \(section)-28( 53)-6( CPA\).)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -2.176 TD [(The)-42( Court)-26( confirmed)-22( that)-38( the)-22( aforementioned)-52( warranties)-35( are)-26( a)-32( particular)-6( application)-44( of)-48( the)-22( concept)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(of)-48( latent)-25( defect)-41( in)-45( Quebec)-27( civil)-40( law.)-46( The)-42( Court)-26( added)-43( an)-6( important)-8( qualification:)-30( by)-3( operation)-7( of)-48( the)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(CPA,)-19( a)-32( consumer)-22( wishing)-19( to)-48( argue)-31( loss)-46( of)-48( fitness)-51( for)-9( purpose)-34( under)-31( section)-8( 37)-6( CPA)-3( has)-35( a)-32( less)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(onerous)-34( burden)-5( of)-48( proof)-15( than)-54( a)-32( purchaser)-25( invoking)-38( the)-22( warranty)-48( of)-48( quality)-51( under)-31( the)-22( )]TJ EMC /P <>BDC /TT2 1 Tf [(Civil)-53( Code)-22( of)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 Tw T* (Qu\351bec)Tj EMC /P <>BDC /TT0 1 Tf 0.016 Tw 3.529 0 Td ( \(CCQ\).)Tj EMC /P <>BDC -3.529 -2.176 Td [(Indeed,)-17( an)-6( action)-38( invoking)-38( the)-22( warranty)-48( of)-48( quality)-51( under)-31( the)-22( CCQ)-13( must)-9( satisfy)-48( four)-42( tests,)-22( namely,)-28( the)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(defect)-41( must:)-26( 1\))-52( be)-6( latent,)-41( 2\))-52( be)-6( sufficiently)-38( serious,)-28( 3\))-52( be)-6( unknown)-57( to)-48( the)-22( buyer)-28( and)-38( 4\))-52( have)-8( existed)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(at)-48( the)-22( time)-52( of)-48( the)-22( sale.)-6( The)-42( Court)-26( was)-46( of)-48( the)-22( view)-59( that,)-54( like)-29( the)-22( warranty)-48( provided)-47( in)-45( section)-8( 38)-6( CPA,)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC T* [(the)-22( warranty)-48( against)-11( loss)-46( of)-48( use)-35( under)-31( section)-8( 37)-6( CPA)-3( exempts)-45( the)-22( consumer)-22( from having)-54( to)-48( prove)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(the)-22( existence)-11( of)-48( a)-32( latent)-25( defect,)-57( provided)-47( that)-38( the)-22( consumer)-22( conducts)-57( an)-6( ordinary)-35( examination)-21( of)-48( the)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(item)-52( before)-47( purchasing)-50( it.)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -2.176 TD [(The)-42( Court)-26( stated)-41( that)-38( the)-22( presumption)-27( of)-48( the)-22( existence)-11( of)-48( a)-32( hidden)-57( defect)-41( broadens)-7( the)-22( [translation:])]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(\223traditional)-38( concept\224)-47( of)-48( latent)-25( defect)-41( in)-46( that)-38( a)-32( consumer)-22( could)-22( benefit)-57( from the)-22( fitness)-51( for)-9( purpose)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(warranty)-48( under)-31( section)-8( 37)-6( CPA)-3( without)-8( the)-22( item)-52( being)-25( affected)-30( by)-3( a)-32( material)-32( defect.)-57( The)-42( consumer)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC T* [(need)-11( only)-48( show)-19( that)-38( there)-15( is)-43( a)-32( serious)-12( loss)-45( of)-48( use)-35( and)-38( that)-38( he)-6( or)-52( she)-35( was)-45( unaware)-47( of)-48( its existence)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(at)-48( the)-22( time)-52( of)-48( the)-22( sale.)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC /CS1 cs 0.475 0.71 0.173 scn 0 -2.176 TD [(APPLICABILITY)-13( OF)-23( THE FITNESS)-12( WARRANTY)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC /CS0 cs 0 scn 0 -1.235 TD [(The)-42( Court)-26( noted)-27( that)-38( the)-22( fitness)-51( warranty)-48( imposed)-44( on)-6( merchants)-38( and)-38( manufacturers)-21( creates)-15( an)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC T* [(obligation)-14( of)-48( result.)-42( That)-58( obligation)-14( is)-43( assessed)-11( primarily)-46( on)-6( the)-22( buyer\222s)-12( reasonable)-53( expectations.)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(The)-42( courts)-42( must)-9( apply)-22( an)-6( objective)-54( standard,)-7( namely)-12( the)-22( average)-34( consumer\222s)-6( expectations)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(assessed)-11( in)-45( light)-48( of)-48( the)-22( nature)-47( of)-48( the)-22( product)-18( and)-38( of)-48( its intended)-46( use.)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -2.176 TD [(The)-42( Court)-26( noted)-27( that)-38( although)-46( often)-11( raised)-42( as)-3( a)-32( defence,)-46( the)-22( fact)-35( that)-38( a)-32( merchant)-8( is)-43( in)-46( compliance)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(with)-45( legal)-6( or)-52( industry)-28( standards)-21( does)-8( not)-22( exonerate)-24( it)-29( unless)-51( there)-15( has)-35( been)-11( a)-32( finding)-54( of)-48( loss)-45( of)-48( use.)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(Furthermore,)-44( it)-29( stated)-41( that)-38( [translation:])-24( \223the)-42( absence)-43( of)-48( standards)-21( does)-8( relieve)-55( the)-22( manufacturer)-50( of)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(its obligation)-14( to)-48( take)-51( into)-35( account)-27( the)-22( needs)-41( and)-38( reasonable)-53( expectations)-33( of)-48( its customers\224.)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -2.176 TD [(The)-42( Superior)-44( Court)-25( therefore)-57( erred)-19( in)-46( holding)-11( that)-38( under)-31( normal)-3( use)-35( the)-22( locking)-6( mechanism)-6( worked)]TJ EMC ET endstream endobj 3 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState 195 0 R/XObject 196 0 R>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 14/Type/Page/Tabs/S>> endobj 4 0 obj <>stream /CS0 cs 1 scn 36 766.552 576 -694.552 re f /P <>BDC q 36 72 576 695 re W n BT 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 0.016 Tw 10.5517 0 0 10.5517 60.8276 757.2415 Tm [(very)-52( well.)-59( That)-58( analysis)-35( does)-8( not)-22( consider)-44( the)-22( expectations)-33( of)-48( the)-22( consumer)-22( who)-48( legitimately)]TJ ET EMC Q BT /P <>BDC 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 0.016 Tw 10.5517 0 0 10.5517 60.8276 744.207 Tm [(believes)-38( that)-38( his)-16( or)-52( her)-26( vehicle)-6( has)-35( a)-32( locking)-6( system)-9( capable)-27( of)-48( creating)-31( [translation:])-24( \223a)-52( reasonable)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(obstacle)-41( against)-11( malicious)-9( intrusions\224.)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -2.176 TD [(Applying)-47( the)-22( presumptions)-57( provided)-47( in)-46( section)-8( 37)-6( CPA)-3( regarding)-11( the)-22( prior)-59( existence)-11( of)-48( the)-22( defect)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(and)-38( the)-22( presence)-5( of)-48( a)-32( latent)-25( defect,)-57( the)-22( consumer)-22( need)-11( only)-48( show)-19( that)-38( the)-22( weakness)-25( in)-45( the)-22( locking)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(system)-9( was)-45( substantial)-43( and)-38( that,)-54( had)-38( the)-22( consumer)-22( known)-51( about)-27( it,)-45( he)-6( or)-52( she)-35( would)-35( not)-22( have)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(bought)-1( the)-22( vehicle.)-22( In)-48( that)-38( respect,)-31( the)-22( Court)-25( accepted)-1( the)-22( appellant\222s)-43( arguments)-41( and)-38( held)-51( that)-38( any)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(consumer)-22( aware)-42( of)-48( the)-22( weakness)-25( of)-48( the)-22( locking)-6( system)-9( would)-35( have)-8( refused)-18( to)-48( purchase)-5( that)-38( model)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC T* [(for)-9( the)-22( price)-9( paid.)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -2.176 TD [(The)-42( Court)-26( therefore)-57( reversed)-51( the)-22( judgment)-5( of)-48( first)-36( instance)-41( and)-38( held)-51( that)-38( the)-22( Mazda)-58( vehicles)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(covered)-31( by)-3( the)-22( class)-16( action)-38( were)-9( affected)-30( by)-3( a)-32( significant)-25( loss)-45( of)-48( use)-35( giving)-35( rise)-36( to)-48( the)-22( compensatory)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(measures)-22( provided)-47( for)-9( in)-46( section)-8( 272)-38( CPA.)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC /CS1 cs 0.475 0.71 0.173 scn 0 -2.176 TD [(THE DUTY)-43( TO)-23( INFORM)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC /CS0 cs 0 scn 0 Tw 11.059 0 Td ( )Tj EMC /P <>BDC 0.016 Tw -11.059 -1.235 Td [(Section)-18( 228)-38( CPA)-3( prohibits)-44( the)-22( merchant,)-25( manufacturer,)-7( or)-52( advertiser)-22( from failing)-35( to)-48( mention)-31( an)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(important)-8( fact.)-51( Unlike)-45( the)-22( judge)-25( of)-48( first)-36( instance,)-57( the)-22( Court)-26( of)-48( Appeal)-5( was)-46( of)-48( the)-22( view)-59( that)-38( the)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(\223important)-28( fact\224)-55( referred)-28( to)-48( in)-45( section)-8( 228)-38( CPA)-3( is)-43( not)-22( [translation:])-24( \223aimed)-3( solely)-32( at)-48( protecting)-21( the)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC T* [(physical)-35( safety)-38( of)-48( consumers\224,)-28( but)-22( also)-48( targets)-2( any)-35( key)-32( element)-31( of)-48( a)-32( contract.)-47( An)-12( element)-31( will)-24( be)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(key)-32( if)-29( it)-29( is)-43( likely)-13( to)-48( interfere)-38( with)-45( the)-22( consumer)-22( making)-12( an)-6( informed)-51( decision.)-54( Mazda)-58( had)-38( the)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(obligation)-14( to)-48( disclose)-35( the)-22( defect)-41( in)-46( the)-22( protection)-21( system)-9( as)-3( soon)-8( as)-3( it)-29( became)-31( aware)-42( of)-48( it)-29( given)-22( that)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(the)-22( members)-9( of)-48( the)-22( group)-31( would)-35( not)-22( have)-8( contracted)-37( under)-31( the)-22( same)-26( terms)-29( and)-38( conditions.)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(Therefore,)-34( all)-59( consumers)-51( who)-48( purchased)-37( a)-32( vehicle)-6( between)-44( the)-22( date)-54( Mazda)-58( learned)-18( that)-38( its locking)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC T* [(system)-9( was)-45( defective)-57( \(October)-51( 3,)-48( 2006\))-31( and)-38( the)-22( date)-54( it)-29( launched)-60( its special)-6( correction)-22( program)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC T* [(\(January)-51( 28,)-22( 2008\),)-47( and)-38( who)-48( were)-9( unaware)-47( of)-48( the)-22( defect)-41( in)-45( the)-22( security)-26( system,)-26( are)-26( entitled)-11( to)-48( claim)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(a)-32( reduction)-5( of)-48( the)-22( price)-9( pursuant)-50( to)-48( section)-8( 272)-38( CPA.)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC /CS1 cs 0.475 0.71 0.173 scn 0 -2.176 TD [(PUNITIVE)-35( DAMAGES)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC /CS0 cs 0 scn 0 Tw 10 0 Td ( )Tj EMC /P <>BDC 0.016 Tw -10 -1.235 Td [(The)-42( Court)-26( of)-48( Appeal)-5( reiterated)-11( that)-38( violation)-38( of)-48( a)-32( provision)-58( of)-48( the)-22( CPA)-3( does)-8( not)-22( automatically)-47( give)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(rise)-36( to)-48( punitive)-25( damages,)-21( emphasizing)-34( the)-22( onerous)-34( nature)-47( of)-48( the)-22( burden)-5( of)-48( proof)-15( required)-38( in)-45( this)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(instance.)-57( Agreeing)-57( with)-45( the)-22( judge)-25( of)-48( first)-36( instance,)-57( the)-22( Court)-26( of)-48( Appeal)-5( stated)-41( that)-38( an)-6( analysis)-35( of)-48( the)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC T* [(facts)-6( does)-8( not)-22( demonstrate)-30( that)-38( Mazda)-58( acted)-25( [translation:])-24( \223in)-7( a)-32( deliberate,)-37( malicious)-9( or)-52( vexatious)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(manner,)-38( or)-52( that)-38( its conduct)-27( could)-22( be)-6( characterized)-57( as)-3( seriously)-55( ignorant,)-50( reckless)-39( or)-52( negligent)-60( of)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(such)-6( a)-32( degree)-5( of)-48( severity\224)-46( and,)-54( hence,)-57( the)-22( members)-9( are)-25( not)-22( entitled)-11( to)-48( punitive)-25( damages.)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC /CS1 cs 0.475 0.71 0.173 scn 0 -2.176 TD [(EXTRACONTRACTUAL)-48( DAMAGES)-58( \(GROUP 1\))]TJ EMC /P <>BDC /CS0 cs 0 scn 0 Tw 21.765 0 Td ( )Tj EMC /P <>BDC 0.016 Tw -21.765 -1.235 Td [(According)-25( to)-48( the)-22( Court)-26( of)-48( Appeal,)-21( the)-22( criminal)-27( intervention)-7( of)-48( a)-32( third)-55( party)-12( did)-19( not)-22( break)-28( Mazda\222s)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(chain)-22( of)-48( responsibility)-45( \()]TJ EMC /P <>BDC /TT1 1 Tf 10.353 0 Td [(novus)-38( actus)-22( interveniens)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC /TT0 1 Tf 11.118 0 Td [(\).)-36( The)-42( protection)-21( system)-9( of)-48( the)-22( vehicles)-35( was)-45( affected)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC -21.471 -1.235 Td [(by)-3( a)-32( design)-54( weakness,)-41( and)-38( it)-29( is)-43( because)-44( of)-48( that)-38( weakness)-25( that)-38( wrongdoers)-11( were)-9( able)-51( to)-48( take)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(advantage)-36( of)-48( that)-38( condition.)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -2.176 TD [(The)-42( damage)-34( sustained)-14( by)-3( members)-9( whose)-51( vehicles)-35( were)-9( damaged)-7( or)-52( stolen)-38( is)-43( therefore)-57( the)-22( result)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(of)-48( the)-22( fault)-51( committed)-35( by)-3( Mazda)-58( of)-48( not)-22( having)-54( designed)-60( a)-32( locking)-6( system)-9( that)-38( could)-22( provide)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC T* [([translation:])-24( \223a)-52( reasonable)-53( obstacle)-41( against)-11( malicious)-9( intrusions\224.)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC /CS1 cs 0.475 0.71 0.173 scn 0 -2.176 TD [(TROUBLE)-42( AND)-7( INCONVENIENCE)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC /CS0 cs 0 scn 0 Tw 15.824 0 Td ( )Tj EMC /P <>BDC 0.016 Tw -15.824 -1.235 Td [(The)-42( Group)-44( 2)-32( members)-9( claimed)-26( compensation)-10( for)-9( the)-22( inconvenience)-20( resulting)-44( from Mazda\222s)-42( recall)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(campaign)-18( aiming)-55( to)-48( correct)-3( the)-22( defect)-41( of)-48( the)-22( safety)-38( system)-9( of)-48( its vehicles.)-51( Now,)-16( although)-46( the)-22( Court)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC T* [(of)-48( Appeal)-5( acknowledged)-20( that)-38( the)-22( campaign)-18( may)-52( have)-8( caused)-11( inconvenience,)-36( it)-29( was)-45( of)-48( the)-22( view)-59( that)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(it)-29( did)-19( not)-22( exceed)-11( the)-22( [translation:])-24( \223normal)-23( inconvenience)-20( suffered)-34( by)-3( all)-59( vehicle)-6( owners)-12( here)-58( and)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(there)-15( over)-55( the)-22( normal)-3( course)-58( of)-48( a)-32( year\224.)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -2.176 TD [(From)-20( a)-32( procedural)-41( perspective,)-21( the)-22( Court)-26( again)-24( acknowledged)-20( that)-38( where)-42( adjudication)-17( of)-48( such)-6( a)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 -1.235 TD [(claim)-20( requires)-35( consideration)-53( of)-48( subjective)-25( elements)-2( specific)-19( to)-48( each)-8( member)-39( of)-48( a)-32( group,)-47( collective)]TJ EMC ET endstream endobj 5 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState 219 0 R/XObject 220 0 R>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 18/Type/Page/Tabs/S>> endobj 6 0 obj <>stream /CS0 cs 1 scn 36 766.552 576 -626.276 re f /CS1 cs 0.906 0.949 0.871 scn 60.828 374.276 476.69 -155.793 re f 0.392 0.4 0.427 scn 60.828 202.966 476.69 -0.621 re f /P <>BDC q 36 72 576 695 re W n BT /CS0 cs 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 0.016 Tw 10.5517 0 0 10.5517 60.8276 757.2414 Tm [(action)-38( is)-43( not)-22( the)-22( appropriate)-60( recourse.)-8( Indeed,)-17( claims)-49( based)-41( on)-6( inconvenience)-20( sustained)-14( present)]TJ ET EMC Q BT /P <>BDC /CS0 cs 0 scn /TT0 1 Tf 0.016 Tw 10.5517 0 0 10.5517 60.8276 744.2069 Tm [(highly)-35( individual)-8( aspects.)-41( Referring)-6( to)-48( the)-22( latin)-48( maxim)-56( )]TJ EMC /P <>BDC /TT1 1 Tf [(de)-6( minimis)-24( non)-38( curat)-12( lex)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC /TT0 1 Tf 35.176 0 Td [(,)-16( the)-22( Court)-26( of)-48( Appeal)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC -35.176 -1.235 Td [(noted)-27( that)-38( it)-29( would)-35( be)-6( inadequate)-52( to)-48( take)-51( up)-6( the)-22( time)-52( of)-48( the)-22( courts)-42( to)-48( deal)-51( with)-46( claims)-49( of)-48( small)]TJ EMC /P <>BDC 0 Tw 0 -1.235 TD (consequence.)Tj EMC /P <>BDC 0.016 Tw 0 -2.176 TD [(Both)-2( groups)-2( also)-48( claim)-20( damages)-5( for)-9( trouble)-2( and)-38( inconvenience)-20( 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